Prof. Moran Bercovici naDr. Valeri Frumkin vakagadzira tekinoroji yakachipa yekugadzira lenzi dzemaziso, uye zvinokwanisika kugadzira magirazi kune nyika zhinji dzichiri kusimukira uko kusingawanikwe magirazi.Zvino, NASA inoti inogona kushandiswa kugadzira teresikopu yemuchadenga
Sainzi kazhinji inofambira mberi mumatanho madiki.Chikamu chidiki cheruzivo chinowedzerwa kune yega yega kuyedza.Kashoma kuti pfungwa yakapfava inoonekwa muuropi hwesaenzi inotungamirira kubudiriro huru pasina kushandisa chero teknolojia.Asi izvi ndizvo zvakaitika kune mainjiniya maviri eIsrael akagadzira nzira itsva yekugadzira lenzi.
Sisitimu iyi iri nyore, yakachipa uye yakaringana, uye inogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya kusvika pachikamu chimwe chete muzvitatu chehuwandu hwenyika.Inogonawo kushandura chiso chekutsvaga muchadenga.Kuti vagadzirise, vatsvakurudzi vanongoda bhodhi jena, chiratidzo, eraser uye rombo rakanaka.
Purofesa Moran Bercovici naDr. Valeri Frumkin vanobva kuMechanical Engineering Dhipatimendi reTechnion-Israel Institute of Technology muHaifa vanonyanya hunyanzvi hwemagetsi emvura, kwete optics.Asi gore nehafu rapfuura, paWorld Laureate Forum muShanghai, Berkovic akagara naDavid Ziberman, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yeIsrael.
Zilberman muhwina Mubayiro weWolf, uye zvino kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Berkeley, akataura nezvetsvakiridzo yake munyika dzichiri kusimukira.Bercovic akatsanangura kuedza kwake kwemvura.Ipapo Ziberman akabvunza mubvunzo uri nyore: "Ungashandisa izvi kugadzira magirazi?"
"Paunofunga nezvenyika dzichiri kusimukira, unowanzofunga nezvemarariya, hondo, nzara," Berkovic akadaro.“Asi Ziberman akataura chimwe chinhu chandisingazive zvachose-kuti vanhu mabhiriyoni maviri nemazana mashanu pasi rose vanoda magirazi asi vasingaawane.Iyi inhamba inoshamisa. "
Bercovici akadzokera kumba akawana kuti chirevo chakabva kuWorld Economic Forum chakasimbisa nhamba iyi.Kunyange zvazvo kuchingoda madhora mashomanana kugadzira magirazi ari nyore, magirazi akachipa haagadzirwe kana kutengeswa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi.
Kukanganisa kwacho kwakakura, kubva kuvana vasingakwanisi kuona bhodhi muchikoro kusvika kuvakuru vane maziso asingachaoni zvokuti vanorasikirwa nemabasa.Pamusoro pekukanganisa hupenyu hwevanhu, mutengo wehupfumi hwenyika unonzi ungakwira kusvika paUS$3 trillion pagore.
Mushure mekukurukurirana, Berkovic aisagona kurara usiku.Paakasvika kuTechnion, akakurukura nyaya iyi naFrumkin, uyo akanga ari postdoctoral muongorori murabhoritari yake panguva iyoyo.
“Takadhirowa pfuti pabhodhi chena tikaitarisa,” anoyeuka kudaro."Isu tinoziva semusikirwo kuti hatigone kugadzira chimiro ichi nehunyanzvi hwedu hwekudzora mvura, uye tinoda kuziva chikonzero."
Iyo spherical shape ndiyo hwaro hwe optics nekuti lenzi inogadzirwa nawo.Mukufungidzira, Bercovici naFrumkin vaiziva kuti vaigona kugadzira dome rakatenderera kubva papolymer (mvura yakanga yaoma) kugadzira lenzi.Asi zvinwiwa zvinongoramba zvakatenderedzwa mumavhoriyamu madiki.Kana dzakura, simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi rinoapwanya kuita madziva.
"Saka chatinofanira kuita kubvisa simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi," Bercovici akatsanangura.Uye izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitwa naFrumkin.Mushure mekudzidza bhodhi ravo chena, Frumkin akauya nezano rakareruka, asi hazvisi pachena kuti nei pasina munhu akambofunga nezvazvo-kana lens yakaiswa mukamuri yemvura, mhedzisiro yegiravhiti inogona kubviswa.Chaunofanirwa kuita kuve nechokwadi chekuti mvura iri mukamuri (inonzi buoyant fluid) ine density yakafanana nepolymer panogadzirwa lens, uye ipapo polima inoyangarara.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha kushandisa zvinwiwa zviviri zvisingagoneki, izvo zvinoreva kuti hazvisanganise pamwe chete, semafuta nemvura."Mapolymer mazhinji akafanana neoiri, saka 'imwechete' inoputika mvura imvura," akadaro Bercovici.
Asi nekuti mvura ine density yakaderera pane mapolymers, density yayo inofanirwa kuwedzerwa zvishoma kuitira kuti iyo polima ifambe.Kuti izvi zviitike, vatsvakurudzi vakashandisawo zvinhu zvisingashamisi-munyu, shuga kana glycerin.Bercovici akataura kuti chikamu chekupedzisira chegadziriro iyi ifuremu yakaoma umo polymer inobaiwa kuitira kuti chimiro chayo chigone kudzorwa.
Kana iyo polima yasvika pachimiro chayo chekupedzisira, inorapwa uchishandisa ultraviolet mwaranzi uye inova yakasimba lenzi.Kuti vagadzire furemu, vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa pombi yakapfava yetsvina, yakacheka kuita mhete, kana petri dish yakachekwa kubva pasi."Chero mwana anogona kuzviita kumba, uye ini nevanasikana vangu takagadzira kumba," akadaro Bercovici.“Mumakore apfuura, takaita zvinhu zvakawanda mulaboratory, zvimwe zvacho zvakaoma zvikuru, asi hapana kupokana kuti ichi ndicho chinhu chiri nyore uye chiri nyore chatakaita.Pamwe inonyanya kukosha. "
Frumkin akagadzira pfuti yake yekutanga pazuva rimwe chete raakafunga nezvemhinduro."Akanditumira foto paWhatsApp," Berkovic akayeuka."Mukutarisa kumashure, iyi yaive lenzi diki uye yakashata, asi takafara zvikuru."Frumkin akaramba achidzidza chigadzirwa chitsva ichi.“Equation inoratidza kuti kana wabvisa simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, hazvina basa kuti furemu iri centimita imwe kana kiromita imwe;zvichienderana nehuwandu hwezvinhu, uchagara uine chimiro chakafanana. "
Vatsvagiri vaviri ava vakaramba vachiyedza chinhu chechipiri chechizvarwa chakavanzika, bhaketi remop, uye vakaishandisa kugadzira lenzi ine dhayamita makumi maviri masendimita inokodzera teresikopu.Mutengo welens unowedzera zvakanyanya nehupamhi, asi neiyi nzira nyowani, zvisinei nehukuru, zvese zvaunoda ndeye yakachipa polima, mvura, munyu (kana glycerin), uye mhete mold.
Rondedzero yezvemukati inotaridza shanduko huru mumaitiro echinyakare ekugadzira lens ayo aramba asina kushanduka kwemakore mazana matatu.Muchikamu chekutanga chemaitiro echinyakare, girazi kana ndiro yepurasitiki inogadzirwa nemagetsi.Semuenzaniso, pakugadzira magirazi ekuona, anenge 80% yezvinhu zvakaraswa.Uchishandisa nzira yakagadzirwa naBercovici naFrumkin, panzvimbo yekukuya zvinhu zvakasimba, mvura inoiswa mujekiseni, kuitira kuti lens inogona kugadzirwa nenzira isina tsvina zvachose.Iyi nzira zvakare haidi kukwenenzverwa, nekuti kudzvinyirirwa kwepamusoro kwemvura kunogona kuita kuti pave nekunyanya kutsetseka.
Haaretz yakashanyira marabhoritari yeTechnion, uko mudzidzi wechiremba Mor Elgarisi akaratidzira maitiro.Akabaya polymer mumhete mukamuri diki remvura, akavheneka nerambi reUV, ndokunditambidza magirovhosi ekuvhiya maminetsi maviri gare gare.Ndakanyatsonyudza ruoko rwangu mumvura ndokuburitsa lens."Ndizvo, kugadzirisa kwapera," Berkovic akadanidzira.
Malenzi anonyatso kutsetseka kusvika pakubata.Uku hakusi kungonzwa chete: Bercovici anoti kunyangwe pasina kukwenenzverwa, kushata kwechiso chelenzi rakagadzirwa nepolymer nzira isingasviki nanometer imwe (bhiriyoni imwe yemamita).“Masimba echisikigo anoumba unhu hunoshamisa ari oga, uye akasununguka,” akadaro.Kusiyana neizvi, girazi remaziso rinokwenenzverwa kusvika zana nanomita, nepo magirazi eNASA's mureza James Webb Space Telescope akakwenenzverwa kusvika makumi maviri nanomita.
Asi havasi vese vanotenda kuti iyi nzira yakanakisa ichava muponesi wemabhiriyoni evanhu pasi rese.Muzvinafundo Ady Arie anobva kuTel Aviv University's School of Electrical Engineering akataura kuti nzira yeBercovici neFrumkin inoda mold yedenderedzwa umo inobairwa polymer yemvura, iyo polima pachayo uye mwenje weultraviolet.
“Izvi hazviwaniki mumisha yeIndia,” akadaro.Imwe nyaya yakasimudzwa neSPO Precision Optics muvambi uye mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weR&D Niv Adut uye mukuru wesainzi wekambani Dr. Doron Sturlesi (vose vanoziva basa raBercovici) ndeyokuti kutsiva nzira yekukuya nemapurasitiki kuchaita kuti zviome kugadzirisa lens kune zvinodiwa.Vanhu varo.
Berkovic haana kuvhunduka."Kutsoropodza chikamu chakakosha chesainzi, uye kukurumidza kwedu kwegore rapfuura kwakakonzerwa nenyanzvi dzinotisundira pakona," akadaro.Nezvekubvira kugadzirwa munzvimbo dziri kure, akawedzera, kuti: “Nzvimbo inodiwa pakugadzira magirazi pachishandiswa nzira dzekare yakakura;unoda mafekitari, michina, uye matekinoroji, uye isu tinongoda zvishoma zvivakwa."
Bercovici akatiratidza marambi maviri eradio ultraviolet murabhoritari yake: “Iyi inobva kuAmazon uye inoita madhora mana, uye imwe yacho inobva kuAliExpress uye inoita $1.70.Kana musina, munogona kushandisa Sunshine nguva dzose,” akatsanangura kudaro.Zvakadini nemapolima?“Bhodhoro re250 ml rinotengeswa nemadhora gumi nematanhatu paAmazon.Avhareji lens inoda 5 kusvika 10 ml, saka mutengo wepolymer hausiwo chinhu chaicho."
Akasimbisa kuti nzira yake haidi kushandiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzenhamba yega yega lens, sekutaura kunoita vatsoropodzi.Mold yakapfava inokodzera nhamba imwe neimwe yelenzi, akatsanangura kuti: “Musiyano uwandu hwepolymer jekiseni, uye kugadzira humburumbira remagirazi, chinongodiwa kutambanudza mold zvishomanana.”
Bercovici akataura kuti chikamu chega chinodhura chegadziriro yacho ndeye automation yejekiseni repolymer, iyo inofanirwa kuitwa chaizvo zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemalenzi anodiwa.
"Chishuwo chedu ndechekuita kuti munyika muve nezviwanikwa zvishoma," Bercovici akadaro.Kunyange zvazvo magirazi asingadhuri achigona kuunzwa kumisha ine urombo-kunyange izvi zvisati zvapedzwa-chirongwa chake chikuru zvikuru.“Setsumo ine mukurumbira, handidi kuvapa hove, ndinoda kuvadzidzisa kubata hove.Izvi zvinoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kugadzira magirazi avo ega,” vakadaro.“Ichabudirira here?Nguva chete ndiyo ichapindura.”
Bercovici naFrumkin vakatsanangura maitiro aya mune imwe nyaya mwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura mune yekutanga edition ye Flow, bhuku remvura mechanics application rakaburitswa neYunivhesiti yeCambridge.Asi timu haina chinangwa chekugara pane akareruka optical lenses.Rimwe bepa rakabudiswa mumagazini yeOptica masvondo mashoma apfuura rakatsanangura nzira itsva yekugadzira yakaoma optical components mumunda wefree-form optics.Aya maoptical components haana convex kana concave, asi anoumbwa kuita topographic surface, uye chiedza chinovhenekerwa pamusoro penzvimbo dzakasiyana kuti chibudirire chaunoda.Izvi zvikamu zvinogona kuwanikwa mumagirazi akawanda, ngowani dzendege, advanced projector masisitimu, chaiwo uye augmented real system, nedzimwe nzvimbo.
Kugadzira zvikamu zvemahara-fomu uchishandisa nzira dzakagadzikana kwakaoma uye kunodhura nekuti zvinonetsa kukuya nekupukuta nzvimbo yavo.Naizvozvo, zvikamu izvi parizvino zvine mashoma ekushandisa."Pave paine zvinyorwa zvedzidzo pamusoro pekushandiswa kungangoita kwenzvimbo dzakadai, asi izvi hazvisati zvaratidzwa mune zvinoshanda," Bercovici akatsanangura.Mubepa idzva iri, timu yemurabhoritari inotungamirwa naElgarisi yakaratidza nzira yekudzora fomu repamusoro rakagadzirwa kana polymer fluid inobaiwa nekudzora chimiro chefuremu.Iyo furemu inogona kugadzirwa uchishandisa 3D printer."Hatichaite zvinhu nemop bucket, asi zviri nyore," Bercovici akadaro.
Omer Luria, injiniya wekutsvagisa parabhoritari, akataura kuti tekinoroji nyowani iyi inogona kukurumidza kugadzira malenzi akatsetseka ane nzvimbo yakasarudzika."Tinotarisira kuti inogona kuderedza zvakanyanya mutengo uye nguva yekugadzira yezvakaoma optical components," akadaro.
Muzvinafundo Arie mumwe wevapepeti veOptica, asi haana kutora chikamu mukuwongorora kwechinyorwa."Iri ibasa rakanaka," Ali akadaro nezvekutsvaga."Kuti igadzire aspheric optical surfaces, nzira dzazvino dzinoshandisa molds kana kudhinda 3D, asi nzira mbiri idzi dzakaoma kugadzira nzvimbo dzakatsetseka uye dzakakura mukati menguva yakafanira."Arie anotenda kuti nzira itsva ichabatsira kugadzira rusununguko Prototype yezvakarongwa zvikamu."Nokuda kwekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri kwezvikamu zvakakura zvezvikamu, zviri nani kugadzirira molds, asi kuti nekukurumidza kuyedza mazano matsva, iyi inzira inonakidza uye inoyevedza," akadaro.
SPO ndeimwe yemakambani anotungamira eIsrael mundima yemahara-fomu nzvimbo.Sekureva kwaAdut naSturlesi, iyo nzira nyowani ine zvakanakira nekuipira.Vanoti kushandiswa kwemapurasitiki kunoganhura mikana nekuti haina kusimba patembiricha yakanyanyisa uye kugona kwavo kuwana mhando yakakwana mukati merudzi rwese rwemavara kunogumira.Kana zviri zvakanakira, vakaratidza kuti tekinoroji ine mukana wekudzikisa zvakanyanya mutengo wekugadzira weakaoma epurasitiki lenzi, ayo anoshandiswa mune ese mbozhanhare.
Adut naSturlesi vakawedzera kuti nenzira dzechinyakare dzekugadzira, kuwanda kwemalenzi epurasitiki kunogumira nekuti iwo akakurisa, anozonyanya kurongeka.Vakataura kuti, maererano nemaitiro aBercovici, kugadzira lenses mumvura kunogona kudzivirira kukanganisa, izvo zvinogona kugadzira ane simba kwazvo optical components-kungave mumunda we spherical lenses kana yemahara-fomu lenses.
Iyo yakanyanya kusatarisirwa purojekiti yeTechnion timu yaive kusarudza kugadzira lenzi hombe.Pano, zvose zvakatanga nehurukuro yetsaona uye mubvunzo usina maturo."Zvese ndezvevanhu," Berkovic akadaro.Paakabvunza Berkovic, aiudza Dr. Edward Baraban, musayendisiti weNASA, kuti aiziva chirongwa chake paStanford University, uye aimuziva paStanford University: ?”
"Zvainzwika sepfungwa inopenga," Berkovic anoyeuka, "asi zvakarovererwa zvakanyanya mupfungwa dzangu."Mushure mekunge bvunzo yemurabhoritari yapedzwa zvinobudirira, vaongorori veIsrael vakaona kuti nzira yaigona kushandiswa muIyo inoshanda nenzira imwechete muchadenga.Mushure mezvose, unogona kuzadzisa microgravity mamiriro ipapo pasina kudiwa kwezvinwiwa zvinoputika."Ndakafonera Edward ndikamuudza, zvinoshanda!"
Materesikopu emuchadenga ane mabhenefiti makuru pamusoro pemateresikopu epasi nekuti haabatirwe nekusvibiswa kwemuchadenga kana kwechiedza.Dambudziko guru pakugadzirwa kwemateresikopu emuchadenga nderekuti saizi yawo inoganhurirwa nehukuru hwechinovhura.PaNyika, materesikopu parizvino ane dhayamita inosvika makumi mana emamita.Hubble Space Telescope ine girazi re2.4-metres-diameter, ukuwo James Webb Telescope iine girazi re6.5-mita-diameter - zvakatora masayendisiti makore makumi maviri nemashanu kuti vakwanise kuita izvi, zvichitora 9 bhiriyoni emadhora ekuAmerica, pamwe nekuti A system inoda kugadzirwa. yakagadziridzwa inogona kuvhura teresikopu munzvimbo yakapetwa uye yobva yangovhura mudenga.
Kune rimwe divi, Liquid yatove mu "yakapetwa" mamiriro.Semuenzaniso, unogona kuzadza transmitter nesimbi yemvura, wedzera jekiseni mashandiro uye mhete yekuwedzera, wobva wagadzira girazi munzvimbo."Uku kunyepedzera," Berkovic akabvuma.“Amai vangu vakandibvunza kuti, ‘Muchagadzirira rini?Ndakamuudza kuti, ‘Pamwe mumakore anenge 20.Akati akanga asina nguva yokumirira.”
Kana chiroto ichi chikaitika, chinogona kushandura ramangwana rekutsvaga muchadenga.Nhasi, Berkovic akaratidza kuti vanhu havakwanisi kuona zvakananga exoplanets-mapuraneti kunze kwezuva, nokuti kuita izvi kunoda Teresikopu yePasi kakapetwa ka10 kupfuura materesikopu aripo-izvo zvisingabviri zvachose nekombiyuta iripo.
Nekune rimwe divi, Bercovici akawedzera kuti Falcon Heavy, parizvino ndiyo yakakura space launcher SpaceX, inogona kutakura makumi maviri cubic metres emvura.Akatsanangura kuti mukufungidzira, Falcon Heavy inogona kushandiswa kuburitsa mvura kusvika panzvimbo inotenderera, uko mvura yacho yaigona kushandiswa kugadzira girazi rine upamhi hwemamita 75—nzvimbo yepamusoro uye chiedza chakaunganidzwa chaizokura neka100 pane chekupedzisira. .James Webb telescope.
Uku kurota, uye zvinotora nguva yakareba kuti zviitike.Asi NASA iri kuitora zvakakomba.Pamwe chete nechikwata chemainjiniya nemasaenzi kubva kuNASA's Ames Research Center, inotungamirwa naBalaban, tekinoroji iri kuyedza kekutanga.
Mukupera kwaZvita, sisitimu yakagadziridzwa nechikwata chemurabhoritari yeBercovici ichaendeswa kuInternational Space Station, uko kuchaitwa ongororo dzakatevedzana kuitira kuti vazivi vemuchadenga vakwanise kugadzira nekurapa malenzi ari muchadenga.Izvi zvisati zvaitika, zviedzo zvichaitwa muFlorida svondo rino kuyedza kugona kwekugadzira lenzi dzemhando yepamusoro pasi pe microgravity pasina kudiwa kwechero mvura inoputika.
Iyo Fluid Telescope Experiment (FLUTE) yakaitwa pamhepo yakaderedzwa-inokwevera ndege-zvigaro zvese zvendege iyi zvakabviswa kudzidzisa vazivi vemuchadenga uye kupfura zero-giravhiti mifananidzo mumafirimu.Nekufambisa muchimiro che antiparabola-kukwira uye ipapo kudonha zvakasununguka-microgravity mamiriro anogadzirwa mundege kwenguva pfupi."Inonzi 'vomit comet' nechikonzero chakanaka," Berkovic akadaro achinyemwerera.Kudonha kwemahara kunotora anenge masekonzi makumi maviri, umo kusimba kwendege kuri pedyo ne zero.Munguva iyi, vatsvakurudzi vachaedza kugadzira lens yemvura uye kuita zviyero kuratidza kuti mhando ye lens yakanaka zvakakwana, ipapo ndege inova yakatwasuka, simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi rinodzorerwa zvakakwana, uye lens inova dhaka.
Kuedza kwakarongerwa ndege mbiri musi weChina neChishanu, imwe neimwe iine 30 parabolas.Bercovici uye nhengo zhinji dzeboka re laboratori, kusanganisira Elgarisi naLuria, uye Frumkin anobva kuMassachusetts Institute of Technology vachange varipo.
Pakushanya kwangu murabhoritari yeTechnion, mufaro wacho wakanga wakakura.Pane makumi matanhatu emakadhibhokisi pasi, ane makumi matanhatu akazvigadzira ega makiti madiki ekuedza.Luria ari kuita kuvandudzwa kwekupedzisira uye kweminiti yekupedzisira kune komputa yekuyedza system yaakagadzira kuyera kuita kwemalenzi.
Panguva imwecheteyo, timu iri kuita maekisesaizi enguva nguva dzisati dzanetsa.Rimwe boka rakamira ipapo nechimisawachi, uye vamwe vaive nemasekonzi makumi maviri ekupfura.Pandege pachayo, mamiriro acho achanyanya kuipa, kunyanya mushure mekudonha kwakasununguka kwakawanda uye kukwira kumusoro pasi pekuwedzera kwegiravhiti.
Haisi chete Technion timu iri kufara.Baraban, muongorori anotungamirira weNASA's Flute Experiment, akaudza Haaretz, "Nzira yekuumba mvura inogona kukonzera materesikopu ane simba emuchadenga ane maburi emakumi kana mazana emamita.Semuenzaniso, materesikopu akadaro anogona kuona zvakananga zvakatenderedza dzimwe nyeredzi.Planet, inogonesa kuongororwa kwepamusoro-soro kwemhepo yayo, uye inogona kutoona hukuru-hukuru hwepamusoro.Iyi nzira inogona zvakare kutungamira kune mamwe mashandisirwo emuchadenga, akadai seyemhando yepamusoro-soro yemagetsi ekukohwa uye kutapurirana, zviridzwa zvesainzi, uye michina yekurapa Space kugadzira-zvichidaro kuita basa rakakosha muhupfumi hwechadenga huri kusimukira. "
Nguva pfupi asati akwira ndege uye kutanga rwendo rwehupenyu hwake, Berkovic akambomira kwechinguva achishamisika.“Ndinoramba ndichizvibvunza kuti nei pasina munhu akambofunga nezvazvo,” akadaro.“Pose pandinoenda kumusangano, ndinotya kuti mumwe munhu angasimuka ndokuti vamwe vaongorori vokuRussia vakaita izvi makore 60 apfuura.Mushure mezvose, inzira iri nyore. "
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-21-2021